Effect of quality nursing care on wound pain and anxiety in burn patients: A meta-analysis.

To systematically evaluate the effects of quality nursing care on wound pain and anxiety in burn patients. Computerised searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang, China Biomedical Literature Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the application of quality nursing care to burn patients were carried out from database inception to October 2023. Literature was screened and evaluated by two researchers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were extracted from the final included literature. Stata 17.0 software was employed for data analysis. Overall, 15 RCTs and 1115 burn patients were included, including 563 and 552 in the quality care and routine care groups. It was found that, compared with routine care, burn patients who implemented quality care had significantly less wound pain (SMD: -1.79, 95% CI: -2.22 to -1.36, p < 0.001), anxiety (SMD: -2.71. 95% CI: -3.49 to -1.92, p < 0.001) and depression (SMD: -1.74, 95% CI: -2.35 to -1.14, p < 0.001) levels were significantly reduced post-trauma.

Unveiling the activity difference cause and ring-opening reaction routes of typical radicals induced degradation of toluene.

This study employs five UV-AOPs (PMS, PDS, H2O2, NaClO and NaClO2) to produce radicals (•OH, SO4•-, ClO•, O2•- and 1O2) and further comparatively studies their activity sequence and activity difference cause in toluene degradation. The toluene mineralization efficiency as a descending order is 73 % (UV-PMS) > 71 % (UV-PDS) > 70 % (acidified-UV-NaClO) > 55 % (UV-H2O2) > 36 % (UV-NaClO) > 35 % (UV-NaClO2); that of conversion efficiency is 99 % (acidified-UV-NaClO) > 95 % (UV-PMS) > 90 % (UV-PDS) > 74 % (UV-H2O2) > 44 % (UV-NaClO) > 41 % (UV-NaClO2). Acidic pretreatment significantly boosts the reactivity of UV-NaClO. ESR combined with radical quenching tests reveals the radicals' generation and evolution, and their contribution rates to toluene conversion, i.e. ClO• > SO4•- > O2•- > 1O2 > â€¢OH. Theoretical calculations further unveil the ring-opening reaction routes and the nature of the activity difference of different radicals. The minimum energy required for ring-opening reaction is 116.77, 150.63, 168.29 and 191.92 kJ/mol with respect to ClO•, SO4•-, 1O2 and •OH, and finding that the ClO•-HO• pair is the best for toluene mineralization. The difficulty for eliminating typical VOCs by using UV-AOPs method is determined as toluene > chlorobenzene > benzene > ethyl acetate.

Characterization and prevention of flame burns caused by electric bicycle battery chargers: results from a 7-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: With the recent exponential increase in express deliveries across China, the number of patients with flame burns caused by electric bicycle battery chargers (BEBBC) has markedly increased in burn units. In this study, we aimed to characterize BEBBC to systematically explore measures to prevent their occurrence. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with flame burns who visited the Burn Department of Rui Jin Hospital between January 2015 and December 2021. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients with BEBBC and 1412 with types of other flame burn were included in this study. Fifty-six of the 63 BEBBC cases occurred between 9 pm and 7 am. BEBBC incidents involved a higher incidence of group burn in which multiple individuals were affected. Non-local patients with BEBBC were significantly younger than their local counterparts. BEBBC had a higher mortality than types of other flame burn. CONCLUSIONS: The rising incidence of BEBBC calls for greater attention because of the associated high mortality and heavy burden on society. Enacting related legislation, disseminating information to the public, and improving treatment to control infection can help prevent BEBBC, increase its cure rate, and reduce patient mortality.

Spatially Decoupled H2O2 Activation Pathways and Multi-Enzyme Activities in Rod-Shaped CeO2 with Implications for Facet Distribution.

CeO2, particularly in the shape of rod, has recently gained considerable attention for its ability to mimic peroxidase (POD) and haloperoxidase (HPO). However, this multi-enzyme activities unavoidably compete for H2O2 affecting its performance in relevant applications. The lack of consensus on facet distribution in rod-shaped CeO2 further complicates the establishment of structure-activity correlations, presenting challenges for progress in the field. In this study, the HPO-like activity of rod-shaped CeO2 is successfully enhanced while maintaining its POD-like activity through a facile post-calcination method. By studying the spatial distribution of these two activities and their exclusive H2O2 activation pathways on CeO2 surfaces, this study finds that the increased HPO-like activity originated from the newly exposed (111) surface at the tip of the shortened rods after calcination, while the unchanged POD-like activity is attributed to the retained (110) surface in their lateral area. These findings not only address facet distribution discrepancies commonly reported in the literature for rod-shaped CeO2 but also offer a simple approach to enhance its antibacterial performance. This work is expected to provide atomic insights into catalytic correlations and guide the design of nanozymes with improved activity and reaction specificity.

Atroposelective Synthesis of Aldehydes via Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Desymmetrization.

Axially chiral aldehydes have emerged recently as a unique class of motifs for drug design. However, few biocatalytic strategies have been reported to construct structurally diverse atropisomeric aldehydes. Herein, we describe the characterization of alcohol dehydrogenases to catalyze atroposelective desymmetrization of the biaryl dialdehydes. Investigations into the interactions between the substrate and key residues of the enzymes revealed the distinct origin of atroposelectivity. A panel of 13 atropisomeric monoaldehydes was synthesized with moderate to high enantioselectivity (up to >99% ee) and yields (up to 99%). Further derivatization allows enhancement of the diversity and application potential of the atropisomeric compounds. This study effectively expands the scope of enzymatic synthesis of atropisomeric aldehydes and provides insights into the binding modes and recognition mechanisms of such molecules.

Empowering personalized pharmacogenomics with generative AI solutions.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates an AI assistant developed using OpenAI's GPT-4 for interpreting pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing results, aiming to improve decision-making and knowledge sharing in clinical genetics and to enhance patient care with equitable access. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The AI assistant employs retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which combines retrieval and generative techniques, by harnessing a knowledge base (KB) that comprises data from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC). It uses context-aware GPT-4 to generate tailored responses to user queries from this KB, further refined through prompt engineering and guardrails. RESULTS: Evaluated against a specialized PGx question catalog, the AI assistant showed high efficacy in addressing user queries. Compared with OpenAI's ChatGPT 3.5, it demonstrated better performance, especially in provider-specific queries requiring specialized data and citations. Key areas for improvement include enhancing accuracy, relevancy, and representative language in responses. DISCUSSION: The integration of context-aware GPT-4 with RAG significantly enhanced the AI assistant's utility. RAG's ability to incorporate domain-specific CPIC data, including recent literature, proved beneficial. Challenges persist, such as the need for specialized genetic/PGx models to improve accuracy and relevancy and addressing ethical, regulatory, and safety concerns. CONCLUSION: This study underscores generative AI's potential for transforming healthcare provider support and patient accessibility to complex pharmacogenomic information. While careful implementation of large language models like GPT-4 is necessary, it is clear that they can substantially improve understanding of pharmacogenomic data. With further development, these tools could augment healthcare expertise, provider productivity, and the delivery of equitable, patient-centered healthcare services.

Engineering the Activity of a Newly Identified Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase in the Acetylation of 5-Hydroxytryptamine.

Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) serves as a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melatonin by transforming 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (NAS), while its low activity may hinder melatonin yield. In this study, a novel AANAT derived from Sus scrofa (SsAANAT) was identified through data mining using 5-HT as a model substrate, and a rational design of SsAANAT was conducted in the quest to improving its activity. After four rounds of mutagenesis procedures, a triple combinatorial dominant mutant M3 was successfully obtained. Compared to the parent enzyme, the conversion of the whole-cell reaction bearing the best variant M3 exhibted an increase from 50 % to 99 % in the transformation of 5-HT into NAS. Additionally, its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was enhanced by 2-fold while retaining the thermostability (Tm>45 °C). In the up-scaled reaction with a substrate loading of 50 mM, the whole-cell system incorporating variant M3 achieved a 99 % conversion of 5-HT in 30 h with an 80 % yield. Molecular dynamics simulations were ultilized to shed light on the origin of improved activity. This study broadens the repertoire of AANAT for the efficient biosynthesis of melatonin.

Development of a 3-step sequential extraction method to investigate the fraction and affecting factors of 21 antibiotics in soils.

Antibiotic exist in various states after entering agricultural soil through the application of manure, including the aqueous state (I), which can be directly absorbed by plants, and the auxiliary organic extraction state (III), which is closely associated with the pseudo-permanence of antibiotics. However, effective analytical methods for extracting and affecting factors on fractions of different antibiotic states remain unclear. In this study, KCl, acetonitrile/Na2EDTA-McIlvaine buffer, and acetonitrile/water were successively used to extract states I, II, and III of 21 antibiotics in soil, and the recovery efficiency met the quantitative requirements. Random forest classification and variance partitioning analysis revealed that dissolved organic matter, pH, and organic matter were important factors affecting the recovery efficiency of antibiotic in states I, II, and III, respectively. Additionally, 65-day spiked soil experiments combined with Mantel test analysis suggested that pH, organic acids, heavy metals, and noncrystalline minerals differentially affected antibiotic type and state. Importantly, a structural equation model indicated that organic acids play a crucial role in the fraction of antibiotic states. Overall, this study reveals the factors influencing the fraction of different antibiotic states in soil, which is helpful for accurately assessing their ecological risk.

Correction: A Y1 receptor ligand synergized with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor improves the therapeutic efficacy of multidrug resistant breast cancer.

Correction for 'A Y1 receptor ligand synergized with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor improves the therapeutic efficacy of multidrug resistant breast cancer' by Yinjie Wang et al., Biomater. Sci., 2019, 7, 4748-4757, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9BM00337A.

Engineering the activity and thermostability of a carboxylic acid reductase in the conversion of vanillic acid to vanillin.

Vanillin is a valuable natural product that can be used as a fragrance and additive. Recent research in the biosynthesis of vanillin has brought attention to a key enzyme, carboxylic acid reductase (CAR), which catalyzes the reduction of vanillic acid to vanillin. Nevertheless, the biosynthesis of vanillin is hampered by the low activity and stability of CAR. As such, a rational design campaign was conducted on a well-documented carboxylic acid reductase from Segniliparus rugosus (SrCAR), using vanillic acid as the model substrate. After combined active site saturation and iterative site-specific mutagenesis, the best quadruple mutant N292H/K524S/A627L/E1121W (M3) was successfully obtained. In comparison to the wildtype SrCAR, M3 demonstrated a 4.2-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), and its half-life (t1/2) was enhanced by 3.8 times up to 385.08 minutes at 40 °C. In silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation provided insights into the improved activity and stability. In the subsequent preparative-scale reaction with 100 mM (16.8 g L-1) vanillic acid, the whole cell catalysis utilizing M3 produced 10.15 g·L-1 of vanillin and 1.11 g·L-1 of vanillyl alcohol, respectively. This work demonstrates a dual improvement in the activity and thermal stability of SrCAR, thereby potentially facilitating the application of carboxylic acid reductase in the biosynthesis of vanillin.

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells ex vivo generated from autologous naïve CD4+ T cells suppress EAE progression.

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis in multiple sclerosis (MS). Hence, we aimed to explore the therapeutic efficacy and safety of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) utilizing induced antigen-specific Tregs in an animal model of MS, that is, in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. B cells from EAE model that were activated with soluble CD40L were used as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce the differentiation of antigen-specific Tregs from naïve CD4 precursors, and then, a stepwise isolation of CD4+CD25highCD127low Tregs was performed using a flow sorter. All EAE mice were divided into Treg-treated group (2 × 104 cells in 0.2 mL per mouse, n = 14) and sham-treated group (0.2 mL normal saline (NS), n = 20), which were observed daily for clinical assessment, and for abnormal appearance for 6 weeks. Afterward, histological analysis, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR were performed. Compared to sham-treated mice, Treg-treated mice exhibited a significant decrease in disease severity scores and reduced inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in the spinal cord. Additionally, Tregs-treated mice demonstrated higher CCN3 protein and mRNA levels than sham-treated mice. The results of this preclinical study further support the therapeutic potential of this ACT approach in the treatment of MS.

Determining a relative total lumbar range of motion to alleviate adjacent segment degeneration after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a finite element analysis.

BACKGROUND: A reduction in total lumbar range of motion (ROM) after lumbar fusion may offset the increase in intradiscal pressure (IDP) and facet joint force (FJF) caused by the abnormally increased ROM at adjacent segments. This study aimed to determine a relative total lumbar ROM rather than an ideal adjacent segment ROM to guide postoperative waist activities and further delay adjacent segment degeneration (ASD). METHODS: An intact L1-S1 finite element model was constructed and validated. Based on this, a surgical model was created to allow the simulation of L4/5 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). Under the maximum total L1-S1 ROM, the ROM, IDP, and FJF of each adjacent segment between the intact and TLIF models were compared to explore the biomechanical influence of lumbar fusion on adjacent segments. Subsequently, the functional relationship between total L1-S1 ROM and IDP or total L1-S1 ROM and FJF was fitted in the TLIF model to calculate the relative total L1-S1 ROMs without an increase in IDP and FJF. RESULTS: Compared with those of the intact model, the ROM, IDP, and FJF of the adjacent segments in the TLIF model increased by 12.6-28.9%, 0.1-6.8%, and 0-134.2%, respectively. As the total L1-S1 ROM increased, the IDP and FJF of each adjacent segment increased by varying degrees. The relative total L1-S1 ROMs in the TLIF model were 11.03°, 12.50°, 12.14°, and 9.82° in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The relative total L1-S1 ROMs after TLIF were determined, which decreased by 19.6-29.3% compared to the preoperative ones. Guiding the patients to perform postoperative waist activities within these specific ROMs, an increase in the IDP and FJF of adjacent segments may be effectively offset, thereby alleviating ASD.

Immobilization mechanisms of Sr(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) on glomalin-related soil protein in mangrove sediments at the microscopic scale.

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is a significant component in the sequestration of heavy metal in soils, but its mechanisms for metal adsorption are poorly known. This study combined spectroscopic data with molecular docking simulations to reveal metal adsorption onto GRSP's surface functional groups at the molecular level. The EXAFS combined with FTIR and XPS analyses indicated that the adsorption of Cd(II), Sr(II), and Ni(II) by GRSP occurred mainly through the coordination of -OH and -COOH groups with the metal. The -COOH and -OH groups bound to the metal as electron donors and the electron density of the oxygen atom decreased, suggesting that electrostatic attraction might be involved in the adsorption process. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy revealed that preferential adsorption occurred on GRSP for the metal in sequential order of -COOH groups followed by -OH groups. The presence of the Ni-C shell in the Ni EXAFS spectrum suggested that Ni formed organometallic complexes with the GRSP surface. However, Sr-C and Cd-C were absent in the second shell of the Sr and Cd spectra, which was attributed to the adsorption of Sr and Cd ions with large hydration ion radius by GRSP to form outer-sphere complexes. Through molecular docking simulations, negatively charged residues such as ASP151 and ASP472 in GRSP were found to provide electrostatic attraction and ligand combination for the metal adsorption, which was consistent with the spectroscopic analyses. Overall, these findings provided new insights into the interaction mechanisms between GRSP and metals, which will help deepen our understanding of the ecological functions of GRSP in metal sequestration.

Constricted posterior fourchette deformities: Definition, classification and surgical treatments.

BACKGROUND: Labiaplasty is one of the top cosmetic procedures patients are seeking in the past two years. However, treatment of disease in posterior fourchette caused by various etiological factors was less investigated and neglected. METHODS: Three types of posterior fourchette deformity were proposed: (1) Redundant posterior fourchette, (2) Relaxed posterior fourchette, and (3) Constricted posterior fourchette. Local flap transfer technique was applied. Y-V-plasty and 5-Z-Flap-plasty were used to treat web type and tight type of the constricted posterior fourchette, respectively. Follow-ups were arranged on the Internet or at the outpatient clinic. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was utilized to evaluate sexual discomfort in the satisfaction questionnaires during follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients with constricted posterior fourchette deformity from May 2022 to May 2023 were reviewed in the study. Y-V-plasty could decrease VAS in patients with web-type deformity by 4.13 ± 1.46 (p＜0.001). 5-Z-Flap-plasty could decrease VAS in patients with tight-type deformity by 3.76 ± 1.53 (p＜0.05). Satisfaction rates of the web type and tight type were 93.1% (27/29) and 86.7% (13/15) respectively. Complications include two cases of hematoma, one case of persistent pain and two cases of dehiscence. CONCLUSION: Constricted posterior fourchette seriously affects the quality of life. Y-V-plasty and 5-Z-Flap-plasty can be utilized to treat the two subtypes of constricted posterior fourchette, which can effectively reduce the pain score of patients with high satisfaction and few long-term complications.

Discovery of novel pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as potent menin-mixed lineage leukemia interaction inhibitors.

To interfere the Menin-MLL interaction using small molecular inhibitors has been shown as new treatment of several special hematological malignancies. Herein, a series of Menin-MLL interaction inhibitors with pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold were designed, synthesized and evaluated. Among them, compound A6 exhibited potent binding affinity with an IC50 value of 0.38 µM, and strong anti-proliferative activity against MV4-11 cells with an IC50 value of 1.07 µM. Further study showed A6 reduced the transcriptional levels of HOXA9 and MEIS1 genes. Moreover, A6 induced cellular apoptosis, arrested the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, and reversed the differentiation arrest in a concentration-dependent manner. This study suggested compound A6 was as a novel potent Menin-MLL interaction inhibitor, and it proved that introduction of 4-amino pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine to occupy the P10 hydrophobic pocket was new idea for design of novel Menin-MLL interaction inhibitors.

Central anterior chamber depth correlated with white-to-white distance in normal, long, and short eyes.

PURPOSE: To explore the associations between central anterior chamber depth (CACD) and other anterior segment biometric parameters and to determine the possible determinants of CACD in short, normal, and long eyes. METHODS: The biometric data of pre-operation patients aged 50-80 years with coexisting cataract and primary angle-closure disease or senile cataract were reviewed. Axial length (AL), CACD, lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness (CCT), and white-to-white distance (WTW) were measured by Lenstar optical biometry (Lenstar 900). The data of 100 normal eyes (AL = 22 to 26 mm), 100 short eyes (AL ≤ 22 mm), and 100 long eyes (AL ≥ 26 mm) were consecutively collected for subsequent analyses. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 66.60 ± 7.85 years, with 25.7% of the sample being men. Both CACD and WTW were found to be smallest in short eyes and were smaller in normal eyes than in long eyes (F = 126.524, P < 0.001; F = 28.458, P < 0.001). The mean LT was significantly thicker in short eyes than in normal and long eyes (4.66 mm versus 4.49 mm versus 4.40 mm; F = 18.099, P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in CCT between the three AL groups (F = 2.135, P = 0.120). Stepwise regression analysis highlighted AL, LT, and WTW as three independent factors associated with CACD in the normal AL group. In the short AL group and long AL group, LT and WTW were independent factors associated with CACD. CONCLUSIONS: CACD increases as AL elongates and reaches a peak when AL exceeds 26 mm. Furthermore, CACD showed inverse correlation with LT and positive correlation with WTW. A relatively small WTW results in an anteriorly positioned lens, and thus, a decrease in CACD.

Enantioselective Construction of C-SCF3 Stereocenters via Nickel Catalyzed Asymmetric Negishi Coupling Reaction.

The construction of the SCF3-containing 1,1-diaryl tertiary carbon stereocenters with high enantioselectivities is reported via a nickel-catalyzed asymmetric C-C coupling strategy. This method demonstrates simple operations, mild conditions and excellent functional group tolerance, with newly designed SCF3-containing synthon, which can be easily obtained from commercially available benzyl bromide and trifluoromethylthio anion in a two-step manner. Further substrate exploration indicated that the reaction system could be extended to diverse perfluoroalkyl sulfide (SC2F5, SC3F7, SC4F9, SCF2CO2Et)-substituted 1,1-diaryl compounds with excellent enantioselectivities. The synthetic utility of this transformation was further demonstrated by convenient derivatization to optical SCF3-containing analogues of bioactive compounds without an apparent decrease in enantioselectivity.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-eosinophil ratio as prognostic indicators for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil-to-eosinophil ratio (NER), lymphocyte-to-eosinophil ratio (LER), monocyte-to-eosinophil ratio (MER), systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), and ratio of inflammatory cells before and after treatment for predicting survival in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to provide a reference for treatment. METHODS: A retrospective review of 70 patients was performed. Serological indexes were obtained by drawing blood before and after systemic therapy. The cutoff values of these indexes were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The prognostic value of the indexes for overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) was evaluated. RESULTS: Survival analysis showed that a smaller pretreatment LMR value was associated with poor OS; larger pretreatment NER, LER, MER, and SIRI values were associated with poor OS; a smaller posttreatment LMR value was associated with poor OS; larger posttreatment NLR, NER, MER, and SIRI values were associated with poor OS; a smaller pretreatment LMR value was associated with poor DMFS; larger pretreatment NLR, NER, LER, and MER values were associated with poor DMFS; and larger posttreatment NLR, NER, LER, and MER values were associated with poor DMFS. Furthermore, a larger neutrophil after treatment-to-neutrophil before treatment ratio was associated with poor OS and DMFS. Logistic regression analysis showed that pretreatment MER and posttreatment NLR were independent predictors of OS in patients with advanced NPC; moreover, pretreatment and posttreatment MER and NLR were independent prognostic factors for DMFS in patients with advanced NPC. CONCLUSIONS: The NLR, NER and MER can be used to predict survival in advanced NPC patients. Eosinophils might be one of the factors for the good prognosis of NPC patients. In addition, an increased number of neutrophils after treatment may indicate a favorable prognosis.

The effects of awe on interpersonal forgiveness: the mediating role of small-self.

Awe could increase prosocial behavior, but little is known about its effects on interpersonal forgiveness. This study aims to explore the potential impact of awe on interpersonal forgiveness and the underlying mechanism of this process, using a combination of questionnaires, economic game and computational modeling. In Study 1, we utilized Trait Awe Scale (TAS) and Forgiveness Trait Scale (FTS) to examine the association between trait awe and trait forgiveness. In Study 2, we employed pre-screened video to induce awe, happy and neutral emotions, then evaluated the effects of induced awe on small-self and interpersonal forgiveness in hypothetical interpersonal offensive situations (Study 2a) and two economic interaction situations (Study 2b). Results from Study 1 indicate that there is a positive correlation between trait awe and trait forgiveness. Study 2 reveal that awe can enhance interpersonal forgiveness in both interpersonal conflict situations and economic interaction situations, and this effect is mediated by the sense of small-self elicited by awe. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of the potential impact of awe on interpersonal forgiveness and provide valuable insights into the mechanisms through which awe may influence forgiveness. Further research in this area could help to elucidate the potential applications of awe-based interventions in promoting forgiveness and positive social interactions.